2022年03月16日发布 | 1420阅读

宫剑教授病例分享|儿童脑干海绵状血管瘤的手术治疗

北京天坛医院小儿神经外科

宫剑

首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院

达人收藏

【病例概述】


2021年5月接诊一例来自河北邢台的7岁女性患儿(身高:120cm;体重:20kg)。主诉:突发呕吐伴面部麻木、口角歪斜1月余。患儿1个月前无明显诱因频繁呕吐,伴右侧面部麻木、口角左侧歪斜。当地医院检查发现脑干病变,遂来我院就诊。门诊查体示:神清语利、右眼睑闭合不全、口角左斜、额纹右侧变浅、鼓腮右侧漏气、头左偏、向左转颈无力,余神经系统查体(-);头颅CT:右侧桥臂团块状混杂密度影,边界不清,大小约16×16×19mm;头颅MRI:右侧桥臂类圆形短T1长T2信号影,增强后未见明显强化,右侧桥臂出血灶,海绵状血管瘤可能性大(图 1)。

图1 头颅CT:右侧桥臂团块状混杂密度影,边界不清,大小约16×16×19mm;头颅MRI:右侧桥臂类圆形短T1长T2信号影,增强后未见明显强化,右侧桥臂出血灶,海绵状血管瘤可能性大。


患儿右侧桥臂出血灶,海绵状血管瘤可能性大,手术指征明确,完善术前检查,于2021年5月8日行“导航辅助脑干功能电生理监测下后正中入路脑干病变切除术”。后正中入路见延颈髓明显膨大,沿小脑延髓裂向四室探查,见桥延交界髓纹以上脑干背侧偏右明显膨隆、突入四室,导航确认病变位置,沿最薄处锐性切开,见淡黄色粘稠泥汤样液体涌出,继而探查深方,囊腔含紫红色陈旧血块,囊腔壁黄色厚韧、纤维样机化,囊腔大小0.5X1.0X1.0cm,锐性游离囊壁,附着少量血管,低功率双极电凝切断。囊壁周围脑干明显水肿,全程锐性游离,严禁暴力牵拉及频繁使用双极电凝,囊变完整摘除。术中一度收缩压飙升至200mmHg,停止操作后逐渐恢复正常。病变全切后脑干功能监测未见明显异常,术中出血约100ml,未输血,保留气管插管,术毕安返ICU监护(图 2)。


图2 术中照片:A.病变囊壁黄韧机化,附着滋养血管,低功率双极电凝切断;B. 囊壁周围脑干明显水肿,全程锐性游离,严禁暴力牵拉及频繁使用双极电凝,囊变完整摘除,囊腔大小约0.5X1.0X1.0cm。


术后患儿状态好,第二天气管插管顺利拔除,未见新增神经系统阳性体征。术后病理回报:血管畸形,伴新鲜及陈旧性出血;免疫组化回报:CD34(血管+)。结合临床,脑干海绵状血管畸形诊断明确。术后CT/MRI显示脑干病变切除满意(图 3),术后十天顺利出院,随访中。


图3 术后CT/MRI显示脑干海绵状血管畸形切除完整,患儿恢复好。




【治疗体会】

海绵状血管畸形(Cavernous malformations,CMs),又称海绵状血管瘤(Cavernous angiomas,CA),为非瘤性病变,是由血窦状细小血管组成的致密团块,边界清晰、无包膜,紫红色分叶状、可伴钙化,内含陈旧出血,毗邻胶质细胞组织被染成黄色或棕色[1]。只有一个病变称为散发性CM,通常无症状、非遗传性;多发病变是由常染色体显性遗传基因突变引起,称为家族性脑海绵状血管畸形(Familial cerebral cavernous malformations,FCCM),具有遗传性[2]。据统计,30-50%的CMs是家族性的[3],至少有三个基因位点变异与家族性海绵状血管畸形有关:染色体7q上的CCM1、染色体7p上的CCM2、染色体3q上的CCM3[4-10]


CMs发病率(incidence rate)为人群0.15-0.56/10万[11],性别无差异[12],成人多见,发病高峰年龄为30-40岁[13, 14];儿童发病年龄多分布在两个阶段,3岁以下婴幼儿与12至16岁青少年[15, 16];病变多位于大脑半球,小脑与脑干少见(约20%),脊髓仅占5%[11, 17];儿童脑干CMs少见,仅占脑干CMs患者总数的13.3-14.5%[18, 19];桥脑体积大、处于中心位置,桥脑CMs约占脑干CMs的61% [20];癫痫是幕上患者、局灶性神经功能缺失是幕下患者最常见的临床表现[17]


关于自然进程,脑干CMs患者若伴有出血、局灶性神经功能缺失,5年内再出血率约为30.8%[21];脑干CMs患者若无出血史、无局灶性神经功能缺失,5年内出血率约为8.0%。Porter等[22]研究表明CMs位置与出血发生率相关: 丘脑、基底节、脑干等深部病变年出血率约为10.6%,而浅表病变年出血率约为0.4%,小脑半球CMs年出血率约为2.9%[23]


CMs内血液产物的持续渗漏和分解,导致了病变周围脑组织中含铁血黄素的聚集沉积,在小鼠模型中证明是致痫灶[24],因此,与慢性微出血相关的铁积聚可能诱发癫痫,特别是位于幕上,CMs患者癫痫年发作率约为40.6%[22, 25-29]


就手术指征而言,笔者认为,若颅内CMs诊断明确,幕上病变导致过癫痫发生、幕下病变有过出血史并伴局灶性神经功能缺失、属脑干外生型CMs者,均应积极手术切除[1, 12, 30-32]。反之,若为偶然发现且无症状、位置深在、功能区病变、脑干内生型CMs,应充分评估手术风险,慎重选择手术治疗,避免造成难以接受的副损伤[12, 30, 32]


脑干CMs的手术原则是通过尽可能小的脑干损伤达到病变全切。此时,术前磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)可清晰显示重要神经传导束与脑干病变位置关系,通过导航、超声、电生理监测等多模态技术规划手术路径,以确保手术成功。就手术技巧而言,应选择病变距脑干皮层最薄处切开,引流出陈旧血,待充分减压后,先行囊内切除,随着囊壁塌陷加以锐性游离,整个过程极为轻柔,以锐性游离代替牵拉,尽量避免使用双极电凝,正常血管应严格保留,宁可明胶海绵压迫止血也避免电凝烧灼,以最大限度保护脑干功能。


在此需要强调,类似脑干病变这种高难度手术,绝不是外科医生单打独斗,需要专业团队与设备加以配合,在此,北京天坛医院具有独特的优势,拥有国内顶级的麻醉团队、手术室团队、电生理监测团队、导航超声团队、神经ICU团队、术后护理团队,多学科全力协作,以确保手术的成功。这就是为什么笔者反复强调,国家级神经外科中心具有无可比拟的专业团队协作优势,这恰恰是高难度手术成功的有力保障。

参考文献


[1] SMITH E R, SCOTT R M. Cavernous malformations [J]. Neurosurgery clinics of North America, 2010, 21(3): 483-90.


[2] ZAFAR A, QUADRI S A, FAROOQUI M, et al. Familial Cerebral Cavernous Malformations [J]. Stroke, 2019, 50(5): 1294-301.


[3] RIGAMONTI D, SPETZLER R F. The association of venous and cavernous malformations. Report of four cases and discussion of the pathophysiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic implications [J]. Acta neurochirurgica, 1988, 92(1-4): 100-5.


[4] GüNEL M, AWAD I A, ANSON J, et al. Mapping a gene causing cerebral cavernous malformation to 7q11.2-q21 [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1995, 92(14): 6620-4.


[5] DUBOVSKY J, ZABRAMSKI J M, KURTH J, et al. A gene responsible for cavernous malformations of the brain maps to chromosome 7q [J]. Human molecular genetics, 1995, 4(3): 453-8.


[6] GIL-NAGEL A, DUBOVSKY J, WILCOX K J, et al. Familial cerebral cavernous angioma: a gene localized to a 15-cM interval on chromosome 7q [J]. Annals of neurology, 1996, 39(6): 807-10.


[7] JOHNSON E W, IYER L M, RICH S S, et al. Refined localization of the cerebral cavernous malformation gene (CCM1) to a 4-cM interval of chromosome 7q contained in a well-defined YAC contig [J]. Genome research, 1995, 5(4): 368-80.


[8] NOTELET L, CHAPON F, KHOURY S, et al. Familial cavernous malformations in a large French kindred: mapping of the gene to the CCM1 locus on chromosome 7q [J]. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 1997, 63(1): 40-5.


[9] CRAIG H D, GüNEL M, CEPEDA O, et al. Multilocus linkage identifies two new loci for a mendelian form of stroke, cerebral cavernous malformation, at 7p15-13 and 3q25.2-27 [J]. Human molecular genetics, 1998, 7(12): 1851-8.


[10]MINDEA S A, YANG B P, SHENKAR R, et al. Cerebral cavernous malformations: clinical insights from genetic studies [J]. Neurosurgical focus, 2006, 21(1): e1.


[11]GOLDSTEIN H E, SOLOMON R A. Epidemiology of cavernous malformations [J]. Handb Clin Neurol, 2017, 143: 241-7.


[12]ATWAL G S, SARRIS C E, SPETZLER R F. Brainstem and cerebellar cavernous malformations [J]. Handb Clin Neurol, 2017, 143: 291-5.


[13]GAULT J, SARIN H, AWADALLAH N A, et al. Pathobiology of human cerebrovascular malformations: basic mechanisms and clinical relevance [J]. Neurosurgery, 2004, 55(1): 1-16; discussion -7.


[14]BAUMANN S B, NOLL D C, KONDZIOLKA D S, et al. Comparison of functional magnetic resonance imaging with positron emission tomography and magnetoencephalography to identify the motor cortex in a patient with an arteriovenous malformation [J]. Journal of image guided surgery, 1995, 1(4): 191-7.


[15]MOTTOLESE C, HERMIER M, STAN H, et al. Central nervous system cavernomas in the pediatric age group [J]. Neurosurg Rev, 2001, 24(2-3): 55-71; discussion 2-3.


[16]FORTUNA A, FERRANTE L, MASTRONARDI L, et al. Cerebral cavernous angioma in children [J]. Childs Nerv Syst, 1989, 5(4): 201-7.


[17]WASHINGTON C W, MCCOY K E, ZIPFEL G J. Update on the natural history of cavernous malformations and factors predicting aggressive clinical presentation [J]. Neurosurgical Focus FOC, 2010, 29(3): E7.


[18]ABLA A A, LEKOVIC G P, GARRETT M, et al. Cavernous malformations of the brainstem presenting in childhood: surgical experience in 40 patients [J]. Neurosurgery, 2010, 67(6): 1589-98; discussion 98-9.


[19]LI D, YANG Y, HAO S Y, et al. Hemorrhage risk, surgical management, and functional outcome of brainstem cavernous malformations [J]. Journal of neurosurgery, 2013, 119(4): 996-1008.


[20]ABLA A A, BENET A, LAWTON M T. The far lateral transpontomedullary sulcus approach to pontine cavernous malformations: technical report and surgical results [J]. Neurosurgery, 2014, 10 Suppl 3: 472-80.


[21]HORNE M A, FLEMMING K D, SU I C, et al. Clinical course of untreated cerebral cavernous malformations: a meta-analysis of individual patient data [J]. The Lancet Neurology, 2016, 15(2): 166-73.


[22]PORTER P J, WILLINSKY R A, HARPER W, et al. Cerebral cavernous malformations: natural history and prognosis after clinical deterioration with or without hemorrhage [J]. Journal of neurosurgery, 1997, 87(2): 190-7.


[23]WU H, YU T, WANG S, et al. Surgical Treatment of Cerebellar Cavernous Malformations: A Single-Center Experience with 58 Cases [J]. World Neurosurg, 2015, 84(4): 1103-11.


[24]WILLMORE L J, SYPERT G W, MUNSON J B. Recurrent seizures induced by cortical iron injection: A model of posttraumatic epilepsy [J]. Annals of neurology, 1978, 4(4): 329-36.


[25]DEL CURLING O, JR., KELLY D L, JR., ELSTER A D, et al. An analysis of the natural history of cavernous angiomas [J]. Journal of neurosurgery, 1991, 75(5): 702-8.


[26]ROBINSON J R, AWAD I A, LITTLE J R. Natural history of the cavernous angioma [J]. Journal of neurosurgery, 1991, 75(5): 709-14.


[27]KONDZIOLKA D, LUNSFORD L D, KESTLE J R. The natural history of cerebral cavernous malformations [J]. Journal of neurosurgery, 1995, 83(5): 820-4.


[28]KIM D S, PARK Y G, CHOI J U, et al. An analysis of the natural history of cavernous malformations [J]. Surgical neurology, 1997, 48(1): 9-17; discussion -8.


[29]MORIARITY J L, WETZEL M, CLATTERBUCK R E, et al. The natural history of cavernous malformations: a prospective study of 68 patients [J]. Neurosurgery, 1999, 44(6): 1166-71; discussion 72-3.


[30]STAPLETON C J, BARKER F G, 2ND. Cranial Cavernous Malformations: Natural History and Treatment [J]. Stroke, 2018, 49(4): 1029-35.


[31]MOUCHTOURIS N, CHALOUHI N, CHITALE A, et al. Management of cerebral cavernous malformations: from diagnosis to treatment [J]. ScientificWorldJournal, 2015, 2015: 808314.


[32]ENE C, KAUL A, KIM L. Natural history of cerebral cavernous malformations [J]. Handb Clin Neurol, 2017, 143: 227-32.


声明:脑医汇旗下神外资讯、神介资讯、脑医咨询、AiBrain所发表内容之知识产权为脑医汇及主办方、原作者等相关权利人所有。未经许可,禁止进行转载、摘编、复制、裁切、录制等。经许可授权使用,亦须注明来源。欢迎转发、分享。

最新评论
发表你的评论
发表你的评论
来自于专栏